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The synthetic nitro-aromatic compound m-nitrobenzene (m-DNB) is used in explosives, dyes, and as an intermediate in the synthesis of chemicals. It is found in the environment as a byproduct of trinitrotoluene (TNT). Iodo-substituted nitro compounds represent one of the most demanding (but at the same time stimulating) substrates since the hydrogenolysis of the C-I bond is relatively easy. Nevertheless, selective catalysts in this case are known such as Pt/CaCO 3 modified with Pb or Pt/C modified with phosphorous acids.12,14,15 After decades of research in the area of selective catalytic nitro reductions Nitro and Nitroso Dyes 383 Nitro Compounds, Aliphatic 401 Nitro Compounds, Aromatic 411 Nitrogen 457 Nitrogen Fixation 471 Noble Gases 485 Nonlinear Optics 541 Nonwoven Fabrics 565 Nuclear Technology 589 A 18 Nucleic Acids . . . !} 1 Octane Enhancers 37 Oil, Oil Refining 51 Oil Shale 101 Ophthalmological Preparations 127 Optical Brighteners 153 Optically Active Compounds 177 Optical Materials Synthesis of azo dyes by the diazotization/coupling reaction. Azo dyes are synthetic compounds containing an azo bond -N=N-, obtained mainly from the aromatic amine substrate, nitro and nitroso. The synthesis processes rely on the use of an appropriate oxidizing/reducing reaction or a diazotization/coupling reaction. personal views. Furthermore, dyes are not uniformly named, and often fancy names are used. In a chemical classification one divides organic dyes into: • Azo dyes (the greatest group), e.g. acid and basic azo dyes, • Nitro and nitroso dyes, • Chinone dyes, e.g. benzochinones, naphthachinones, • Di- and triphenylmethan dyes, reduction of dyes under anaerobic condition that results in colorless solution formation (Van der Zee and Vil-laverde 2005). Due to xenobiotic in nature of dyes, micro-organisms like bacteria which are having the capability to degrade dyes (including azo, nitro, and nitroso functional groups of dyes) are studied and reported (Rajashekar et al. ENZYMATIC REDUCTION OF NITRO COMPOUNDS TO AMINES WITH NITROREDUCTASES Approved by: Dr. Andreas S. Bommarius, Advisor School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Jim C. Spain School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Christopher W. Jones School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr fast dye where, as a dye that fades out, or is washed off is known as a fugitive dye (Mehta.and Mehta, 2009). Synthetic dyes today have evolved into a multi-billion dollar industry. Almost all the colors that you see today are synthetic dyes, and they are widely used for dyeing and printing in a broad range of industries. The synthetic dyes can Common chromophores include -N=N­ (azo), =C=O (carbonyl),=C=C=, C=NH, -CH=N-, NO or N-OH (nitroso), -N02 or NO-OH (nitro) and C=S (sulphur). As a complement to the electron ac­ ceptors action are the groups called auxochromes, which electron donors gener­ ally on the opposite side of molecule and their basic function is to increase co­ lour. Dyes: Chemistry and Applications Mohammad Farhat AIi 8.1 Introduction 259 8.2